Alfaza Ranggana, Lala Septem Riza, Ade Gafar Abdullah
This study presents a systematic literature review and bibliometric analysis examining how chatbots and virtual agents are used in educational and professional training. Drawing from 52 articles (2021–2025) and a thematic synthesis of ten empirical studies, this review addresses eight research questions concerning chatbot applications, feedback mechanisms, challenges, design features, and effectiveness. The findings show that chatbots are widely deployed as virtual patients, simulated students, and interactive tutors across medicine, teacher education, programming, and risk assessment. Personalized, real-time feedback positively affects learning outcomes, while key challenges include limited empathy, inconsistent responses, and AI overreliance. The review also maps publication trends and emerging themes around LLMs and emotionally responsive interfaces, offering a framework for educators, developers, and policymakers in the design of ethical, sustainable AI-based training interventions. © Author(s), 2026. Published by Star Scholars Press.
Indonesia University of Education, UPI, Bandung, Indonesia; Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Education, FPMIPA, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, UPI, Bandung, Indonesia; Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Department of Electrical Engineering Education, Faculty of Technology and Vocational Education, FPTK, Bandung, Indonesia
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