Yohanes Susanto Ridwan, Muhammad Fajar Arzena Nurhadi, Santhy Wyantuti, Rafa Radithya Swara, Athanasia Amanda Septevani, Fitri Khoerunnisa, Irkham, Yeni Wahyuni Hartati
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were successfully synthesized using plum peel (Prunus salicina) extract as a green reducing and stabilizing agent, offering an environmentally benign approach to nanomaterial preparation. Optimization showed that a precursor-to-extract volume ratio of 7:3 with 80 mL maceration solvent yielded the most stable colloid, evidenced by a surface plasmon resonance peak at 534.9 nm. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis indicated that phenolic-OH and aromatic C=O/C=C functional groups played a key role in Au(III) reduction and nanoparticle stabilization. Transmission electron microscopy images revealed predominantly spherical AuNPs with an average size of 13.16±4.9 nm, while a zeta potential of-33.4 ± 0.2 mV confirmed colloidal stability. The optimized AuNPs were drop-casted onto pencil graphite electrodes (PGE) to fabricate a low-cost electrochemical sensor for Pb(II) detection. The modified electrode exhibited a 50.7% enhancement in the Pb(II) peak current compared to bare PGE. Differential pulse voltammetry showed linearity over 25 to 200 ppb (R² = 0.9921), a sensitivity of 0.0172 µA ppb⁻¹, and a limit of detection of 18.95 ppb, below the Indonesian regulatory limit for surface waters. Scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy mapping confirmed uniform AuNPs distribution, supporting improved electron-transfer behaviour. Overall, this work highlights the potential of fruit-peel-derived AuNPs for a portable and sustainable detector. © 2026 by the authors; licensee IAPC, Zagreb, Croatia.
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jalan Raya Bandung-Sumedang Km 21 Jatinangor, Sumedang, 45363, Indonesia; Research Center for Electronics, Research Organization of Electronics and Informatics, National Research and Innovation Agency Republic of Indonesia, Jakarta, 10340, Indonesia; Departement of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Jl. Dr. Setiabudi No.229, Kota Bandung, 40154, Indonesia; Study Center of Sensor and Green Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia
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