Ishma Firdausi, Mimin Iryanti, Trismidianto
Coastal erosion is a major environmental issue along the northern coast of Java, Indonesia, where monsoon-driven hydrodynamics interact with rapid coastal development and ecosystem degradation. However, the linkage between seasonal processes and long-term shoreline evolution in tropical coastal systems remains insufficiently understood. This study analyzes seasonal and long-term shoreline changes along the Mauk Coast, Banten Province, during 2000–2024 using multitemporal satellite imagery (Landsat TM, ETM+, OLI, and Sentinel-2) integrated with the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS). Shoreline dynamics were quantified using Net Shoreline Movement (NSM), End Point Rate (EPR), and Linear Regression Rate (LRR), supported by ERA5-derived wind–wave data and land-use/land-cover (LULC) analysis. Results indicate that the Mauk Coast is dominated by persistent erosion, resulting in a cumulative coastal land loss of approximately 0.78 km² over the study period. Although shoreline length increased from 10.13 km in 2000 to 10.91 km in 2024, this reflects increased shoreline irregularity due to uneven erosion rather than net accretion. Long-term shoreline retreat is concentrated in the western and central coastal segments, with NSM values reaching −151.38 m and LRR values as low as −8.18 m yr⁻¹ . Spatial analysis shows that the western and central coastal segments are the most vulnerable to erosion. Seasonal analysis indicates that erosion intensity peaks during the Asian winter monsoon (December–February, DJF) due to stronger westerly winds and higher wave energy, while accretion during other seasons (MAM, JJA, SON) is localized and insufficient to offset cumulative erosion. In addition, areas dominated by built-up land and aquaculture exhibit higher erosion rates, whereas mangrove and wetland areas provide partial coastal protection. These findings demonstrate that recurrent seasonal erosion acts cumulatively to drive long-term shoreline retreat, indicating that the Mauk Coast represents a non-equilibrium coastal system. This study provides new insights into the interaction between seasonal monsoon variability and multi-decadal coastal dynamics, with important implications for sustainable coastal management and ecosystem-based mitigation strategies in tropical regions. © 2026 Elsevier B.V.
Department of Physics, Faculty of Education of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, West Java, Bandung, 40154, Indonesia; Research Center for Climate and Atmospheric, National Research and Innovation Agency, West Java, Bandung, 40135, Indonesia
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