Tika Koeswandi, Vanessa Gaffar, Lili Adi Wibowo, Denny Andriana
This study examines the moderating effect of Pedagogical Value (M) on the relationship between Entrepreneurial Training (X1), Gender (X2), Business Age (X3), and SMEs’ entrepreneurial competency (Y). Using a Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA) framework, the research analyzes data from 220 SMEs participating in entrepreneurship programs organized by the West Java Government, Indonesia. Results reveal that while pedagogical value significantly enhances the effectiveness of entrepreneurial training, it does not fully mitigate the diverse influences of gender and business age on entrepreneurial competency. Thus, it is insufficient, although investment in pedagogical quality remains crucial for maximizing training outcomes. Gender-sensitive and experience-sensitive approaches may require additional targeted interventions beyond pedagogical improvements. For policymakers, trainers, and SME development programs, this highlights the need for combining high pedagogical standards with demographic-and experience-based customization strategies to foster entrepreneurial competency effectively across diverse SME populations. © 2026 GMP Press and Printing.
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Indonesia
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