M.Z. Sharif, M.F. Ismail, Rizalman Mamat, M.S. Abd Aziz, A.A.M. Redhwan, Ratnaningsih Eko Sardjono, Erdiwansyah
This study evaluates the performance of R1234yf refrigerant with TiO2–SiO2/PVE hybrid nanolubricants in an automotive air-conditioning (AAC) system, compared to R134a and R1234yf with a base PVE lubricant. Key performance indicators, including mass flow rate, compressor work, power consumption, heat absorption, cooling capacity, and coefficient of performance (COP), were analysed at various refrigerant charges and compressor speeds. Results show that R1234yf with hybrid nanolubricants outperforms standard R1234yf in terms of mass flow rate, cooling capacity, and system stability. The addition of TiO2–SiO2 nanoparticles improved mass flow by 2.3%, cooling capacity by 1.3%, and COP at optimal conditions. The 0.01 vol% nanolubricants concentration was found to be the most effective, yielding a higher COP and lower power consumption than the higher concentrations (0.03% and 0.05%). Compared with R134a, R1234yf with hybrid nanolubricants showed performance within 1–3% of R134a′s COP and heat absorption at high refrigerant charge and speed. R134a consistently demonstrated better thermodynamic properties, but R1234yf with nanolubricants proved a viable low-GWP alternative with performance comparable to or slightly lower than R134a. Overall, the study highlights the potential of R1234yf, combined with TiO2–SiO2/PVE hybrid nanolubricants, as an environmentally friendly and energy-efficient solution for automotive air conditioning, offering minimal performance loss compared to R134a under specific operating conditions. © 2026 Indian Chemical Society.
Fakulti Kejuruteraan Mekanikal, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, Melaka, Durian Tunggal, 76100, Malaysia; Centre for Advanced Research on Energy, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, Melaka, Durian Tunggal, 76100, Malaysia; Centre for Advanced Mobility and Aerospace, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, 26600, Malaysia; Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management, Universitas Serambi Mekkah, Banda Aceh, 23245, Indonesia; Faculty of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Pahang, Malaysia; Faculty of Engineering Technology, University College TATI, Kemaman, Terengganu, Malaysia; Chemistry Program, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Setiabudi 229, Bandung, 40154, Indonesia
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