Anjar Dimara Sakti, Syarif Hidayat, Tasya Ravida Ayu Padantya, Nadisha Nanda Alifia, Cokro Santoso, Tania Septi Anggraini, Lalu Muhamad Jaelani, Syarif Budhiman, Akhmad Riqqi
This study aims to develop a spatially scalable remote sensing framework for assessing and prioritizing lake ecosystem vulnerability across Southeast Asia. A novel Lake Ecosystem Index (LEI) is proposed by integrating a Human Pressure Index (HPI) and a Water Quality Index (WQI). The HPI was derived from land cover dynamics, including urban, agricultural, and forest changes, from 2000 to 2018, while the WQI was calculated using temporal trends of NDVI, turbidity (NDTI), and land surface temperature (LST) from 2018 to 2023. The framework was applied to 50 lakes distributed across Southeast Asia to enable comparative assessment at a regional scale. The results show that 46 % of the analyzed lakes exhibit very high vulnerability HPI scores, 16 % show very high vulnerability WQI scores, and 13 lakes fall into a high to very high vulnerability category based on combined LEI values. The proposed LEI provides a quantitative and integrative tool for identifying priority lakes requiring urgent management and restoration interventions. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of remote sensing indicators for informing policy-relevant freshwater management and advancing the monitoring of inland water ecosystems in support of UN SDG 6.6. © 2025 The Authors.
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Sciences Research Group, Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia; Center for Remote Sensing, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia; Water and Wastewater Engineering Research Group, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia; Geographic Information Science, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Bandung, Indonesia; Department of Geomatics Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, Indonesia; Research Center for Geoinformatics, Research Organization for Electronics and Informatics, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bandung, Indonesia
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