Samsul Pahmi, Sani Sahara, Agus Hendriyanto, Lukman H. Muhaimin, Rizki Dwi Siswanto
Spatial reasoning ability is an essential skill that students need to understand and manipulate spatial relationships between objects, particularly in mathematics. Virtual Reality (VR) is a technology capable of creating an interactive and engaging learning environment, providing deep experiences in understanding spatial concepts. This research aims to develop VR-based learning media and evaluate its impact on students' spatial reasoning abilities. The research subjects were Year 5 primary school pupils, focusing on perimeter and area of plane figures. Using a Research and Development (R&D) framework that adopts the Plomp model, this research successfully produced VR-based learning media that enables pupils to explore virtual spaces. In the perimeter material, pupils can move between points in the VR space to form lines that return to the starting point. For area concepts, pupils can pick up and place unit squares on provided plane figures and cut portions of shapes when necessary. The findings demonstrate that this VR-based learning media is effective in enhancing pupils' spatial reasoning abilities, strengthening their understanding of spatial concepts in a practical and thorough manner. © 2026 American Institute of Physics Inc.. All rights reserved.
Department of Primary Teacher Education, Nusa Putra University, Sukabumi, Indonesia; Department of Primary School Teacher Education, Universitas Negeri Jakarta, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Master's Program in Pedagogy, Nusa Putra University, Sukabumi, Indonesia; Department of Mathematics Education, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Bandung, Indonesia
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