Badrunanto, Erindyah Retno Wikantyasning, Maryati, Joko Prayitno, Noor Hidhayati, Ni Wayan Sri Agustini, Heli Siti Halimatul Munawaroh, Hani Susanti, Laila Dina Amalia Purba, Diah Kusumawaty, Delicia Yunita Rahman, Marsiti Apriastini, Prasetyadi, Neni Sintawardani, Diyono, Ahmad Shoiful, Rahmania Admirasari
This study explored tofu wastewater (TW) as a low-cost alternative, using before (TB) and after (TA) anaerobic digestion, supplemented with iron (TBF, TAF) and iron‑magnesium (TBFM, TAFM), with AF6 (an artificial freshwater) medium as a control, to produce high-antioxidant C. sorokiniana . The results demonstrated that biomass productivity on TAF and TAFM exceeded AF6, and TW-grown biomass showed higher protein content. Chlorophyll a levels were similar across samples, while chlorophyll b and total phenolic content (TPC) were higher in TW-cultures. Nevertheless, the total carotenoid content was lower than AF6. Fatty acid (FA) profiles of all biomass consisted of 55.82–58.48% C18-unsaturated and 31.22–37.33% C16-saturated FAs. Ethanol extract showed stronger antioxidant activity than others, indicating a synergistic action between the active compounds. The 2,20-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assay exhibited higher total antioxidant activity in TW-grown biomass, whereas the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay favored AF6 slightly. Correlation analysis suggested that TPC, chlorophyll b , and three unsaturated FAs may be major contributing factors to the antioxidant activity of C. sorokiniana cultivated on TW. The study concludes that TAFM is a promising alternative medium for producing high-antioxidant C. sorokiniana . This approach allows for the reduction of pollutants simultaneously with the production of valuable bioactive compounds at low cost. © 2026 Elsevier Ltd.
Research Center for Applied Microbiology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong, West Java, Bogor, 16911, Indonesia; University of Muhammadiyah Surakarta, Kartasura, Central Java, Sukoharjo, 57169, Indonesia; PT Natural Cosmetics Indonesia, Laweyan, Central Java, Surakarta, 57146, Indonesia; Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Sukasari, West Java, Bandung, 40154, Indonesia; Research Center for Applied Zoology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong, West Java, Bogor, 16911, Indonesia; The Deputy Research and Innovation Facilitation, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, 10340, Indonesia; Research Center of Environmental and Clean Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Serpong, Banten, South Tangerang, 15314, Indonesia
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